What is human cell and define function ?
Cells in the human body number in the trillions and come in all shapes and sizes. These tiny structures are the basic unit of living organisms .The body contains around 50—100 trillion cells, and they vary widely in size, number, structure, and use.
Examples of Human Cell Types-
Many common types of human cells — such as bone cells and white blood cells — actually consist of several subtypes of cells. Each subtype, in turn, has a special structure and function.
Functions of human cell-
It protects the cell.It regulates the exchange of substances in and out of the cell.They process and bundle macromolecules in the cells.They modify, sort, and package proteins. That’s why Golgi bodies are tagged as the post office of the cell. They gather simple molecules and group them to form a complex.For more information about human cells see,
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Different types of cells are found in the human body which perform specialized functions such as circulation, respiration, excretion, transportation, etc.
What is Human cell?Human bodies are made up of eukaryotic cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of all the living things including animals, plants, fungi, and protists. The human body is composed of over trillions of cells. These cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from the food they eat, convert those nutrients from food into energy, and also carry out specialized functions.
Different types of cells which perform specialized functions in the human body include: stem cells, these are the embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, one cells including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, skin cells including keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells, endothelial cells such as those lining blood vessels, and epithelial cells such as those lining body cavities.
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TRUE/FALSE. if the concentration of hydrogen ions (h ) outside of the thylakoids were equal to the concentration of h inside the thylakoids, how would it affect the chloroplasts? (4 points) the chloroplasts would release excess o2. the chloroplasts would be unable to generate atp. the chloroplasts would make more glucose molecules. the chloroplasts would make more nadph than usual.
Answer:
False. The chloroplasts would be unable to generate ATP.
According to the dependency model, what historical, social and economic
circumstances led to the current unequal world system?
According to dependency model, core nations, or high-income countries, exploit semi-peripheral and peripheral countries, which are middle-income and low-income countries, leading to a cycle of reliance.
What elements influenced the world's inequality?Income is one element that influences and measures inequality; others include gender, age, origin, ethnicity, handicap, sexual orientation, class, and religion. These elements determine the persistent disparities in opportunity both within and between nations.
What are the causes of inequality as well as its effects?The disparities between the supply and demand for various types of labour are what lead to inequality. There will be a low wage for a job if there are many of eager workers (high supply) but few openings (low demand).
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Pepsin and trypsin are two of the digestive enzymes that break down protein. A group of students studied the pH requirements of these enzymes. The graph below shows the results. The students found that pepsin functions best in an acid environment and trypsin functions best in a neutral environment. Based on their observations, pepsin most likely aids in digestion in which part of the human body?answer choicesO pancreasO intestinesO mouthO stomach
Based on their observation, pepsin most likely aids in digestion in the d. stomach of the human body.
In the field of biology, digestion is a process by which food is broken down.
The stomach is the part of the body that is actively involved in the digestion of food. Hydrochloric acid is an active part of the stomach and hence the pH of this stomach is acidic.
As pepsin is an enzyme that works in an acidic environment, hence we know that pepsin actively takes part in digestion in the stomach. As trypsin works in a neutral environment hence it cannot work in the stomach.
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X
Amount of Fertilizer Fertilizer A Weekly Average
(kg)
Growth (cm)
1
2.8
4.6
1.3
0.3
x
1.5
2
2.5
Gregory is doing his experiment for the science fair. The above table shows the data he collected. Based on the table, what is the best description
of what Gregory wanted to know?
A
Which amount of fertilizer will show the most growth?
B
C
D
Which brand of fertilizer (A, B, or C) works the best?
Soil Test
Fertilizer B Weekly Average
Growth (cm)
2.5
3.3
1.8
0.2
What level of fertilizer is the most that can be given before growth declines?
Which brand and amount of fertilizer will work best?
Fertilizer C Weekly Average
Growth (cm)
3.8
5.1
2.5
0.5
Answer:
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Explanation: the alfabet is always correct because it stats every letter answer!
HELP! Susan hypothesized that robins prefer large birdhouses to small ones. She built four birdhouses of different sizes to test her hypothesis. What was the independent variable?
Answer:
the independent variable is the size of the birdhouse. Susan built four birdhouses of different sizes in order to test her hypothesis that robins prefer large birdhouses to small ones. The independent variable is the variable that is manipulated by the experimenter in order to test a hypothesis. In this case, Susan is manipulating the size of the birdhouses to see if it affects the behavior of the robins.
a resting neuron is an unstimulated neuron that is not presently generating an action potential. the resting membrane potential is the separation of the relative positive and negative charges across the membrane of a cell at rest. drag the charges to the correct side of the membrane to represent the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron.
The charges which develop outside the cell and inside the cell is b)+,- .So, correct option is b.
A neuron very still is adversely charged: within a cell is roughly 70 millivolts more negative than the outside (−70 mV, note that this number fluctuates by neuron type and by species). This voltage is known as the resting membrane potential; it is brought about by contrasts in the convergences of particles inside and outside the cell. Assuming that the film were similarly porous to all particles, each kind of particle would stream across the layer and the framework would arrive at balance.
The resting membrane potential is a consequence of various focuses inside and outside the cell. The distinction in the quantity of decidedly charged potassium particles (K+) inside and outside the cell rules the resting layer potential.
Hence, option b is correct
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(Complete question) is:
a resting neuron is an unstimulated neuron that is not presently generating an action potential. the resting membrane potential is the separation of the relative positive and negative charges across the membrane of a cell at rest. drag the charges to the correct side of the membrane to represent the resting membrane potential of a typical neuron. What charges develop outside and inside the cell?
a)+,+
b)+,-
c)-,-
d)-,+
which of the following statements would aquinas (i.e. defenders of the thomistic theory of disability) agree with?
If the first cause in a series of effective causes were to disappear, the subsequent causes would be rendered impossible.
The five proofs of Thomas Aquinas can be summed up as follows:
1. The motion we notice in the universe was started by God, who is the First Mover.
2. The effects we see in the universe have God as their primary cause.
3. God maintains the universe's existence.
4. God is the source of the universe's hierarchy of perfections.
5. The intelligence that directs nature is God.
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Which statement accurately compares two divisions of geologic time?
OA. Eras are longer than eons.
B. Epochs are longer than eras.
C. Periods are longer than eons.
D. Eras are longer than periods.
Answer is D :Eras are longer than periods.
Explanation:
Question 3 A Amylase is a protein that catalyzes the conversion of starch to simple sugars. Amylase activity in an aqueous solution can be measured by using iodine as a starch indicator. A solution containing iodine and starch will have a dark blue color, whereas a solution containing iodine but no starch will have a light brown color. The color change of an iodine solution from dark blue to light brown can be used to measure the rate at which starch is converted to simple sugars. A student designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental pH on amylase function. The design of the experiment is presented in Table 1. Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tube V as a control in the experiment? (A) It will provide a measurement of amylase activity at an acidic pH. (B) It will provide a measurement of amylase activity at a basic pH. (C) It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of enzyme activity. (D) It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of the amylase protein.
Enzyme catalysis can be identified by measuring the appearance of the product or the elimination of the reactants.
How is starch's amylase activity determined?
The activity of amylase in saliva samples will be determined by calculating the rate at which the substrate (starch) is broken down. Starch and iodine mix easily to produce a purple color. We will use a spectrophotometer to quantitatively evaluate the intensity of the purple color.
How can the presence of amylase in a solution be determined?
In contrast to glucose, iodine generates a blue to black complex with starch instead of reacting with glucose. When iodine is added to a glucose solution, only a red or yellow tinge is visible. As a result, the amylase enzyme is working more swiftly as starch loses its blue color.
Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tube V as a control in the experiment?
The following justification, designated as option C, best supports the use of test tube v as a control in the experiment because it will demonstrate the color shift that happens in the absence of enzyme activity.
Describe an enzyme.
This is referred to as a biological catalyst, and it helps to increase the rate of a process by reducing the energy required to start it.
The test tube v is included in the experiment as a control since enzymes are known to be proteinous in nature and are denatured by heat and other chemicals. This will allow the experiment to display the color shift that takes place in the absence of enzyme activity.
This makes it easier to distinguish between the enzymatic processes that happen in a substance or body, making option C the right one.
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Question :- 1
A Amylase is a protein that catalyzes the conversion of starch to simple sugars. Amylase activity in an aqueous solution can be measured by using iodine as a starch indicator. A solution containing iodine and starch will have a dark blue color, whereas a solution containing iodine but no starch will have a light brown color. The color change of an iodine solution from dark blue to light brown can be used to measure the rate at which starch is converted to simple sugars.
Question :- 2
A student designs an experiment to investigate the effect of environmental pH on amylase function. The design of the experiment is presented in Table 1.
Which of the following statements best justifies the inclusion of test tube V as a control in the experiment?
(A) It will provide a measurement of amylase activity at an acidic pH.
(B) It will provide a measurement of amylase activity at a basic pH.
(C) It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of enzyme activity.
(D) It will show the color change that occurs in the absence of the amylase protein.
A reaseacher claims that the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is essential to cellular function
The statement that best helps justify the researcher’s claim is option C: ATP hydrolysis is an energy-releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.
What happens when ATP hydrolysis?Gamma phosphate from hydrolyzed ATP is really delivered to the pump protein rather than merely floating away. It is known as phosphorylation when a phosphate group binds to a molecule. A phosphate from ATP is often transferred onto another molecule during ATP hydrolysis.
The process that is said to be an exergonic processes include ATP hydrolysis. ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate), Pi (Inorganic Phosphorus), and energy are produced. In some circumstances, ADP can go through further hydrolysis to create AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and Pi.
Therefore, in the context of the above, when the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are broken, such as in muscles, chemical energy that had been stored in these bonds is released through the catabolic reaction process known as ATP hydrolysis.
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See full question below
A researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential to cellular function.
Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher’s claim?
a. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a substance that cells typically acquire from their environment.
b. ATP synthase is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ADP and Pi to ATP.
c. ATP hydrolysis is an energy-releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.
d. ADP is a small molecule that some cells release into their environment as a way of communicating with other cells.
Answer with true or false and correct the false one(s). 1. Saliva is produced by small intestine. 2. The gastric juice is responsible of liquefaction of meat. 3. Iodine water give a yellow color without starch. 4. The plant synthesis organic matter in the roots. 5. The crude sap and elaborated sap pass through conducting vessels. 6. Crude sap is a solution rich with starch and mineralp salts..
Saliva is a clear, slightly alkaline liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands, consisting of water, mucin, protein, and enzymes. It moistens the mouth, lubricates ingested food, and begins the breakdown of starches.
Gastric juice is a secretion of the gastric glands that includes hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and mucus. The gastric juice aids in the digestion of food substances such as meat.
A solution of iodine in water has a light yellow, orange or brown coloration. The presence of starch turns this solution purple or violet.
Green plants synthesize organic material (sugar or carbohydrates) in their leaves where they undergo photosynthesis.
Crude sap is the sap of a plant that rises from the roots to the leaves. It passes through conducting vessels such as xylem and phloem in the plant.
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in the signaling pathway shown, inositol triphosphate (ip3) acts as a second messenger. which of the following best describes how an increase of ip3 affects cellular response? influx of ca2 increases and leads to activation of other signaling pathways. ip3-gated calcium channels close and decrease cellular responses. phospholipase c increases its activity to produce more second messengers. signaling molecules stop binding to protein receptors until ip3 decreases.
In the signaling pathway shown, inositol triphosphate (IP3) acts as a second messenger. Influx of Ca2+ increases and leads to activation of other signaling pathways.
Inositol trisphosphate or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate abbreviated InsP3 or Ins3P or IP3 is an inositol phosphate signaling molecule. It is made by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a phospholipid that is located in the plasma membrane, by phospholipase C (PLC). Together with diacylglycerol (DAG), IP3 is a second messenger molecule used in signal transduction in biological cells.
While DAG stays inside the membrane, IP3 is soluble and diffuses through the cell, where it binds to its receptor, which is a calcium channel located in the endoplasmic reticulum. When IP3 binds its receptor, calcium is released into the cytosol, thereby activating various calcium regulated intracellular signals.
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An organization whose members have a common cause for which they seek to influence public policy is called an ____.
Answer: interest group
Explanation:
the thin filament in skeletal muscle contains molecules. group of answer choices actin myosin troponin tropomyosin all of the choices are correct except for myosin
Mysoin. Muscle contraction is controlled by intracellular Ca2+ concentration in striated muscles, such as skeletal and cardiac muscles.
Mysoin Where the thick and thin filaments arrange themselves into a regular hexagonal lattice within each sarcomere, the contractile unit repeated along the length of the muscle cell4. Actin, tropomyosin (Tm), and troponin (Tn) are the components of the thin filament in a ratio of 7:1:1. Tn is made up of three subunits: troponin C (TnC), the Ca2+-binding regulatory subunit; troponin I (TnI), the inhibitory subunit; and troponin T (TnT), the Tm-binding subunit.
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The breakdown of organic compounds such as glucose in the absence of oxygen is called fermentation. The byproducts of fermentation differ from cellular respiration. Which of the following is a chemical byproduct of fermentation in humans?
A pyruvate
B ADP
C lactic acid
D glucose
The chemical byproduct of fermentation in people is lactic acid.
How does fermentation work?In addition to bacteria and yeast, mammalian muscles also undergo fermentation. The mechanism that breaks down glucose is anaerobic.
Procedures in Fermentation:In an anaerobic environment, glucose is partially oxidised by yeast. In this process, pyruvic acid is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Some bacteria employ lactic acid fermentation to convert pyruvic acid into lactic acid.
The glucose or 6-carbon molecule is broken down into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and then 3-phosphoglyceric acid.
During this process, NAD+ is changed into NADH+H+.
When phosphoenol pyruvic acid and 3-phosphoglyceric acid interact,
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if you do not account for ____, you may conclude that the distribution of stars in the sky provides evidence that we are located at the center of the milky way. A) differential rotation
B) dark matter
C) gravity
D) dust
if you do not account for D) dust, you may conclude that the distribution of stars in the sky provides evidence that we are located at the center of the milky way.
The center of our own galaxy may be one of the Universe's most strange spots. To find out what's going on there, astronomers have to poke through the thick dust. Astronomers trying to figure out where exactly all of the radiation in the center of the Milky Way comes from and what causes it find it challenging because of all that dust.
If we do not account for this dust, The place of the sun in the Smooth Manner can be additionally nailed somewhere near estimating the distance to every one of the stars we can see. William Herschel, an astronomer who worked toward this goal toward the end of the 18th century, came to the conclusion that the earth was at the center of a "grindstone"-shaped cloud of stars.
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6. A supermarket trolley has a mass of 20 kg.
When pushed by a force of 15 N it accelerates
at 0.5 m/s².
a) Calculate the resultant force on the trolley
that gives it this acceleration.
b) What is the friction force on the trolley?
The resultant force on the trolley that gives it this acceleration is 10N and the friction force on the trolley is 5N.
What do you mean by acceleration?Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. Accelerations are vector quantities. The orientation of an object's acceleration is given by the orientation of the net force acting on that object. Moreover, when an object changes speed or direction, we call this acceleration.
Force = mass x acceleration
Acceleration = Force / mass
Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. Remember, velocity has two components: speed and direction. Acceleration is positive when a body speeds up and is negative when the body slows down. Positive acceleration is directed along the direction of velocity.
Thus, the resultant force on the trolley that gives it this acceleration is 10N and the friction force on the trolley is 5N.
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Which of the following is NOT one of Mendel's hypotheses to explain the results of his P, F1 and F2 crosses?
a. Adult plants carry a pair of genes that will determine the inheritance of each allele.
b. Adult plants always have traits that are governed by a single pair of alleles, but the number of possible alleles varies with each trait.
c. The pairs of alleles separate in the formation of gametes so that each gamete gets one allele of the pair.
d. If an adult plant has two different alleles, one is recessive to the other.
e. If an adult plant has two different alleles, one is dominant over the other.
Although Mendel's theories do not state that the number of potential alleles vary with each trait, adult plants always contain qualities that are controlled by a central set of alleles.
What do alleles mean?According to recognized publications on natural biology and genetics an allele is a variability who shares a same gene sequence and appears at the exact position on a lengthy DNA molecule. "A regional is the location or topographical location of a genome or any other four main components.
What are the dominant alleles?The link between the two genetic variations is described by dominant. Each of the heterozygote for each gene is passed down to an individual from each parent. Only a single of the gene's alleles—known as the dominant polymorphism be produced if the alleles are unique.
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Describe where in the digestive system each macromolecule is broken down
Answer: The different macromolecules can be subdivided by the small intestine's own group of digesting enzymes. Also, auxiliary exocrine organs like the pancreas create their own set of pancreatic enzymes that aid small intestine absorption.
Problem 7: In a translational reporter system, the gene of interest is left intact, and the reporter is fused to the end of the sequence. Which of the following is necessary to ensure the reporter expresses properly? O Removal of the stop codon in the gene of interest before the reporter sequence and the reporter gene must be in the same reading frame as the gene of interest. O A separate promoter for the reporter is required. O The reporter gene must be in the same reading frame as the gene of interest. O Removal of the stop codon in the gene of interest before the reporter sequence. None of these
The use of a translational reporter system is a powerful tool for studying gene expression, as it allows researchers to track the expression of a gene of interest without altering the gene itself. However, in order for the reporter to express properly, certain measures must be taken.
The most important requirement for successful expression of a reporter in a translational reporter system is that the gene of interest must have its stop codon removed before the reporter sequence is added. This ensures that the gene of interest and the reporter gene are both in the same reading frame, allowing the reporter to be expressed properly. Additionally, it is important that the reporter is not placed in a separate promoter, as this could lead to incorrect expression levels of the gene of interest.
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most water-soluble hormones exert their effects through the second messenger cyclic amp (camp). this activity will test your understanding of the events that occur during camp signaling.
The correct sequence of events of cAMP signaling are:
1. Water-soluble hormone binds receptor
2. Receptor activates
3. G protein activates
4. Adenylate cyclase
5. cAMP activates
Detailed steps in the events of cAMP signaling are:
G protein coupled receptor is an indispensable protein that is initiated by various outer improvements which ties with the particular ligand.Extracellular ligand causes actuation of GPCR which thusly is answerable for conformational change in the receptor and permits it to tie with the intracellular heterotrimeric G protein complex.The Gα animate G protein complex to trade Gross domestic product for GTP and afterward the complex is delivered.Actuated Gα ties with adenylate cyclase and catalyzes ATP to shape cyclic AMP.Enactment of cAMP prompts the initiation of nucleotide gated particle channel, and PKa(Protein kinase A) which is likewise called as cAMP ward catalyst.Once, PKA is activated, it causes phospholylation of different proteins like AMPA receptor, transcription factors which control quality articulation, and convert glycogen into glucose.To know more about cAMP signaling ,visit here:
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(Complete question) is:
Most water-soluble hormones exert their effects through the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP). This activity will test your understanding of the events that occur during cAMP signaling. Drag the events of cAMP signaling in the correct sequence from left to right.- Adenylate cyclase, Water-soluble hormone binds receptor, Receptor activates, cAMP activates, G protein activates.
Pain receptor, sensory neuron, spinal cord, motor neuron, & effector muscle.
Which of the above terms would be different if the reflex were a balance reflex? What term would you substitute?
Sensory neuron is responsible for the transport of signal from the receptor to the interneuron which is then connected with the motor neuron.
What term would you substitute?In a reflex arc, the receptors present in the skin receive stimulus and generate afferent impulse. The sensory neuron transmits the impulse to the interneuron. Interneuron is present in the spinal cord and activates it. The interneuron then sends back the impulse through the motor neurons to effectors whcih are present in the muscles for the response. Sensory receptors → sensory neurons → interneurons → motor neurons. Justine took a sip of milk and immediately spat it out because she realized it had soured. The path of the messages is sensory receptors → sensory neurons → interneurons → motor neurons, in her nervous system which cause this reaction. Sensory Receptor is that part of the nervous system that responds to stimuli Sensory Neuron is that type of neuron that carries messages from special receptors to the central nervous systemInterneuron is the type of neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons.Motor Neuron is the type of neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to effectors.To learn more about neuron refer to:
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Determine the amount of photosynthesis and respiration a plant would undergo at different light levels. Place the labels in the table. Labels may be used more than once. R Light level Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration high 0% PAR medium 50% PAR ol Il low 150% PAR
Photosynthesis is the process through which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy, which is then released to power the organism's activities through cellular respiration.
Photosynthesizing organisms include green plants, cyanobacteria (previously known as blue-green algae), and numerous types of algae that primarily perform phytoplankton photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis:
0% PAR - LITTLE
MEDIAN - 50% PAR
150% PAR - EXTREME
The process by which cells breathe:
Though not light-dependent, it happens in conjunction with photosynthesis and can proceed in the absence of sunlight. However, because less glucose is available, the rate of cellular respiration may slow (Usually, glucose levels are high during photosynthesis). It occurs in mitochondria.
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7.
The figure below shows a spring with a wave
traveling through it.
Wave Direction
Stretched
Compressed
Which type of wave is illustrated?
A. SOund
B transverse
C longitudinal
D electromagnetic
Answer: sound wave.
Explanation:
The sensory portion of the PNS carries electrical signals ________ the CNS; the motor portion carries electrical signals ________ the CNS.
toward, also toward away from, also away from
away from, toward toward, away from
The sensory portion of the PNS carries electrical signals towards the CNS; the motor portion carries electrical signals away from the CNS.
The peripheral nervous system( PNS) provides 2- way communication between the CNS( brain and spinal cord) and the rest of the body. It consists of 12 couplets of cranial nerves, pairs of spinal roots and spinal nerves, autonomic nerve caddies with associated ganglia, nerve plexuses, and nerves.
The somatic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for carrying sensory and motor data to and from the central nervous system. Afferent neurons convey information from sensory receptors of the skin and distinct organs to the central nervous system( i.e., brain and spinal cord), whereas efferent neurons carry motor information down from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body.
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining the normal functioning of the body?
A. Sensory nervous system
B. Central nervous system
C. Sympathetic nervous system
D. Parasympathetic nervous system
Answer: B
Explanation:
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible for receiving and interpreting sensory input, and for directing the body's responses to that input. The CNS is the "command center" of the body, and is responsible for maintaining the normal functioning of the body by controlling and coordinating the actions of all the other systems and organs.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
The autonomic nervous system(Central nervous system) is responsible for maintaining the normal functioning of the body. It consists of two divisions, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, that work together to regulate involuntary body processes such as digestion, heart rate, respiration, and other essential body functions.
the space in your chest needs to be able to get bigger so that our L_______ have space to expand in size so that we can b_________ in air
Answer:
The space in your chest needs to be able to get bigger so that our lungs have space to expand in size so that we can breathe in air.
identify 1 thing that you could reasonably and personally commit to doing that could reduce your carbon footprint.
If the first cause in a series of effective causes were to disappear, the subsequent causes would be rendered impossible.
In what layer of skin would you find this tissue?
The outermost layer of the skin called stratum corneum is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
What is epidermis?The topmost layer of skin on your body is called the epidermis. It defends your body from damage, keeps you hydrated, regenerates skin cells, and includes melanin, which gives your skin its colour.
Skin's epidermis is a stratified squamous epithelium that continually regenerates. It is mostly made up of keratinocytes, but it also includes Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells. The keratinocytes are supported by the dermis, which also houses the nerve and vascular networks that provide the epidermis with nutrients.
The stratum basale, which is the epidermis' innermost layer, as well as the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum are among the epidermis' layers (the most superficial portion of the epidermis).
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