What´s the final answer

Explanation:

(1) physically remove contaminants, (2) inactivate contaminants by chemical detoxification or disinfection/sterilization

Mendel then mixed these plant lines for purebreeding and noted the characteristics of the hybrid offspring. All the first-generation (F1) hybrids, he discovered, resembled one of the parent plants.

What distinguishes progeny from a hybrid?

"Progeny" refers to a child. A simple descendant, a child. A hybrid, however, is completely different. A hybrid is produced when two homozygous creatures mate and the progeny's genetic make-up combines the two. The first hybrid generation, or F 1 progeny, resembles either of its parents.

What does hybrid mean?

What Exactly Is a Hybrid?Definition of hybrid In terms of biology, a hybrid is described as the product of sexual reproduction combining the traits of two creatures belonging to distinct breeds, species, varieties, species, or genera.

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You emit carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere with each exhalation. Through a process known as respiration, organisms such as animals and plants must expel carbon dioxide gas.

Our lungs and respiratory system allow us to breathe. They expel carbon dioxide and inspire oxygen into our bodies, a process known as inspiration or inhalation (called expiration, or exhalation). During breathing, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

When an animal breathes, it draws in oxygen from the atmosphere and exhales carbon dioxide. The animal's cells produce this carbon dioxide as a waste product during cellular respiration. Individual cells engage in cellular respiration.

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Correct answer is :- Mitochondria

It appears doubtful that complex multicellular animals could have been sustained in this fashion without mitochondria, as eucaryotes would be entirely reliant on the rather inefficient process of glycolysis for all of their ATP production. Less than 10% of the total potential free energy from the glucose is released during the glycolysis process when glucose is transformed to pyruvate. The mitochondria complete the metabolism of sugars, and the energy provided is used so effectively that 30 molecules of ATP are created for every molecule of glucose that is oxidized. In contrast, only 2 molecules of ATP are created by glycolysis alone for every molecule of glucose.

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Wood frogs have an extremely unique adaption that allows them to survive even if as much as 65 percent of the water in their bodies freezes throughout the winter.

Wood frogs, in contrast to the majority of other species of frogs, do not need to remain submerged in water or below the frost line in order to survive. Instead, their bodies manufacture an antifreeze, which they then either superload or concentrate in certain organs. The glucose acts as an antifreeze, preventing the formation of ice crystals that could be harmful to the wood frog. Because of this adaption, wood frogs can now be found in Alaska and even further north!

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For apex consumers' biomass to range from 500 to 1000 kilograms, the food chain's producers must have significantly larger biomass than that of 1000 kilograms.

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Genetic modification of farm animals can increase yield; for example, cows can be modified to produce so much milk for a similar size herd.

The vast majority of genetically engineered animals remain in the research stage, rather than being used for their intended purposes or being commercially available. The genetic engineering of animals had also increased dramatically in recent years, and the application of this technology brings with that as well ethical issues, among which connect to animal welfare — defined by World Organization for Animal Health as "the state of the animal…how a mammal is coping with conditions in which it lives". Genetically modified farm animals are used in large quantities to produce medicinally important products such as antibodies.

All interested parties, including veterinarians, must consider these issues to ensure that all parties seem to be aware of the ethical concerns at stake and can contribute meaningfully to the current debate over the creation and utilization of genetically engineered animals.

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It is False that bottleneck events are always caused by the death of most of a species’ population.

An event that drastically reduces a population's size is known as a population bottleneck. The bottleneck could be brought on by a number of things, like an environmental catastrophe, the killing of a species to the point of extinction, or the destruction of a habitat that kills organisms.

Bottleneck occasions are caused when the size of a populace forcefully declines, and there are different reasons for this downfall. It frequently involves the extinction of the majority of a species' population, for example as a result of human behavior or a natural disaster like an earthquake or famine. However, it may also occur as a result of a separation event or a mass migration in which the majority of a species survives.

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The option (b) is correct-  Growth rate.

What is growth rate?

The rate—or speed—at which an organism population grows in size. The amount of time in the space between the points of time can be determined by dividing the change in the number of organisms from one point in time to another.

What is carrying capacity ?

The typical population size of a species in a given habitat is referred to as carrying capacity. Environmental elements including sufficient food, shelter, water, and mates are able to control the population number of the species.

Therefore, the option (b) is correct-  Growth rate.

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Every person has a single gene with two copies, or alleles. Homozygotes are those who share the same alleles. They are known as heterozygotes when they differ. Blue eyes, for example, are a trait that homozygotes code for.

A characteristic brought about by an allele that expresses itself separately and equally to the other. Supplement. A person with blood type AB has one allele for blood type A and another for blood type B, which is an example of a codominant trait.

A trait is any physical characteristic, such as height, shape, or color. Two forms typically represent a trait. These two forms are referred to as having contrasting traits when they are in opposition to one another. Tall and dwarf, for instance, are two opposites in terms of height.

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According to the graph below, the addition of a catalyst decreases the activation energy and increases the rate of the reaction (Option C).

A biological catalyst molecule is any structure such as an enzyme i.e. a protein, that is able to lower the activation energy of the reaction, thereby enhancing the progression from reactants to predict in the unit of time.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that a biological catalyst molecule can lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction and thus increase the amount of products.

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Typically, genetic engineering alters an organism in ways that wouldn't occur naturally. It is even prevalent for scientists to insert genes from another organism into an organism.

Genetic engineering increases the possibility of unexpected allergic reactions to such GMO foods. Another source of concern is the possibility of genetically modified foreign DNA trying to spread to non-GMO animals and plants. the ability of the GMO to escape as well as potentially introduce this same engineered genes into wild populations; this same persistence of the gene after GMO has been harvested; this same susceptibility of non-target organisms (e.g., insects that are not pests) to the gene product; the gene's stability; the reduction inside the spectrum of other plants, including loss of biodiversity; and the increased use of chemicals in agriculture. The environmental safety of GM crops varies greatly depending on local conditions.

GMOs are organisms (plants, animals, or microorganisms) that have their genetic material (DNA) has indeed been altered inside a way that does not occur naturally through mating and/or natural recombination. The technology is frequently referred to as "modern biotechnology" or "gene technology," and it is also referred to as "recombinant DNA technology" or "genetic engineering" at times. It enables the transfer of specific genes from one organism to another, as well as between unrelated species. Foods derived from or containing GM organisms are frequently referred to as GM foods.

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The primary components responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis can be categorized as stimulus, receptor, control center, effector and feedback mechanism.

Change

Changes occur constantly in and around the cells of living systems. A change is anything that requires a cell to react, such as a change in temperature, pressure or chemical composition inside or surrounding the cell.

Receptor :Once a change occurs, it’s the receptors job to detect the change and alert the proper control center to counteract it, returning the cell and the overall system to a balanced state -- homeostasis.

Control Center

As the control center receives impulses from its remote receptors, it sends commands to the effector to counteract the change in the environment. Using the same example, the medulla oblongata commands the effector -- the heart in this case -- to slow its pulse. Control centers are located in the brain.

Effector

The effector acts on the impulses from its specific command center, counteracting the change and returning the internal and external cell environment to a balanced state. Effectors are the physical change agents such as the heart, organs and fluids of the body -- the workhorses of homeostasis.

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Answer:

b. homeostasis

Explanation:

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Answer:

It causes products of a reaction to increase the reaction, moving away from equilibrium

Explanation:

A: Totipotent stem cells → Pluripotent stem cells → Multipotent stem cells → Neuron

Explanation:

The development of the various stages of stem cells in the embryonic stage is described here:

Totipotent stem cells: Right after the mitosis of the zygote which results in the formation of two identical daughter cells, which are totipotent stem cells. Totipotent stem cells possess the ability to give rise to 220 different types of cells in the embryo including the placenta.

Pluriopotent stem cells: These types of cells possess the ability to change into any type of cell in the body like blood, muscle, etc. It is formed at the embryonic stem cell stage.

Multipotent stem cells: These stem cells have the ability to change into specialized cell such as forming different organs in the body. It occurs as the pluriopotent cell develops in the embryo.

Neuron: As the multipotent cell has the ability to form a specialized cell it gives rise to the heart, lungs, liver, etc. including neurons.

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Frederick Sanger is the scientist for whom the dideoxy sequencing method is named.

The Sanger technique of DNA sequencing relies on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication and uses electrophoresis. It was created by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, and for the next 40 years it was the most extensively utilized sequencing technique. Applied Biosystems first made it available for purchase in 1986. More recently, dideoxy sequencing techniques have supplanted higher volume Sanger sequencing, particularly for large-scale, automated genome analysis. However, for smaller-scale initiatives and for validating the outcomes of deep sequencing, the Sanger approach is still widely used. A single-stranded DNA template, a DNA primer, a DNA polymerase, regular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs), and modified di-deoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs), which stop DNA strand elongation, are needed for the traditional chain-termination approach. When a modified ddNTP is added, DNA polymerase stops extending DNA because these chain-terminating nucleotides lack the 3'-OH group necessary to generate a phosphodiester bond between two nucleotides. The ddNTPs can be fluorescently or radioactively labeled to be detected by automated sequencing equipment.

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Generally when a substrate binds to an enzyme , a substrate enzyme complex is formed,but in case of disaccharides the binding of enzyme to them causes them to 1st break into a monosaccharide then further reaction is carried out.

Any substance is made up of two connected simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides), often known as a disaccharide or double sugar. Crystalline, water-soluble molecules are known as disaccharides.

In food, the disaccharides sucrose, lactose, and grain sugar maltose all include glucose. Sucrose may be found naturally in honey, maple sugar, sugarcane, and sugar beets. White, brown, and powdered sugars are produced by processing these ingredients.

Monosaccharides are made up of a single glucose, fructose, or galactose simple sugar molecule and cannot be divided into simpler sugars. To create more complex carbohydrates, different combinations of these three monosaccharides are used. Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharides.

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The complete question is as follows:

In the figure above, if the substrate (green) in the first image on the left of the series is a disaccharide, what is the enzyme doing to the disaccharide?

Neisseria meningitidis is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by B) capsular switching,

What is Neisseria meningitidis and how does it spread?

Neisseria meningitidis is an encapsulated, aerobic, gram-negative diplococcus bacteria that can cause meningitis and other meningococcal diseases. Neisseria meningitidis is the most common cause of sepsis and meningitis is in newborns, young children, and adolescents, and results in significant morbidity and mortality globally.

One in ten persons are carriers of the Neisseria meningitidis bacteria in their throat and back of nose without being unwell. By exchanging lung and throat secretions such as saliva or spit, humans can transmit the Neisseria meningitidis bacteria to others. In most cases, close or prolonged contact such as kissing or coughing is required to spread these microorganisms. The bacteria cannot be acquired by inadvertent touch or by breathing air that has been exposed to a person who has a meningococcal disease.

The main determinant determining the virulence of Neisseria meningitidis is its polysaccharide capsule. Serogroup specificity and consequent pathogenicity of the bacteria are caused by the structure of the capsular polysaccharides. Neisseria meningitidis can modify its capsular phenotype through a process called capsular switching. Neisseria meningitidis bacteria acquire a new capsule operon by horizontal gene transfer in order to create strains with higher virulence.

Therefore, Neisseria meningitidis is capable of triggering sporadic disease outbreaks by B) capsular switching,

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Keystone species can control other population sizes, affecting the trophic chains and the ecosystemic structure. Option C. many other species depend either directly or indirectly on the sea otter population.

Keystone species are organisms that play a significant role in the population's dynamics. If removed, there would be catastrophic effects on the ecosystem.

Keystone species can,

Identifying keystone species turn out to be highly used to recover degraded ecosystems.

There are four main types of keystone species. These are,

The option that provides the strongest evidence for Mary's argument is  C. many other species depend either directly or indirectly on the sea otter population.

This is the only option that expresses the direct or indirect dependence of other species on the sea otter.

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Small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules  called plasmids exist separately from a cell's chromosomal DNA. It contains non-essential genes.

Extrachromosomal DNA molecules are known as plasmids. They are compact, spherical, and capable of independent reproduction. Chromosome DNA is not in charge of plasmid replication. Most often, they are found in bacteria. Yeast and plants are examples of eukaryotes that contain plasmids. Plasmids are not necessary and are extrachromosomal. They are helpful but may not be found in every member of the species. The same plasmid can exist in various species and be passed from one to the next because it is not a component of the genome. Each daughter cell has a copy of the plasmid since plasmids have their own origin of replication (ORI) and proliferate with the cell.

Hence, plasmid of bacteria is extrachromosomal DNA with non essential gene.

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It would be necessary to purify and conjugate the IgG for each antigen.It would be too time-consuming and expensive to do this.

An activity has good value for the money spent if it is cost-effective:Purchasing a new expensive computer when all you need to do is store your photos wouldn't be cost-effective.Ailment. Costs & costs.

The best performance or functionality with the least amount of effort and time wasted.In contrast to cost efficiency, which focuses on completing tasks with the least amount of waste and the most effective use of resources, cost effectiveness is more concerned with completing tasks at all.

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Due to the earth spinning on its axis, the place of the constellation seems to be changed during the night and early morning.

What do you mean by Polaris?

Polaris may be defined as the group of stars that make up the Little Dipper. It is very distant from the earth and located in a position very near Earth's north celestial pole.

Polaris does not move, but the constellation and Ursa minor are constantly moving. This movement is not detected by bare eyes. These stars are so far away that we can not see them moving due to the parallax effect.

Therefore, due to the earth spinning on its axis, the place of the constellation seems to be changed during the night and early morning.

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Answer:

what does this have to do with math and science

Diagram (4) represents the phase of the moon as viewed from the X.

A lunar cycle, also known as a lunar month or synodic month, is the time it takes for the moon to complete one orbit around the Earth and return to its original position in relation to the sun and the Earth. The lunar cycle is an important concept in astronomy and is used to measure the passage of time.

The lunar cycle has a duration of about 29.5 days, which is slightly shorter than the average duration of a calendar month (30 or 31 days). This is because the lunar cycle is based on the time it takes for the moon to orbit the Earth and return to the same position in the sky, rather than the time it takes for the Earth to orbit the sun. As a result, the lunar cycle does not align perfectly with the solar calendar, and it is necessary to add an extra day (a leap day) to the calendar every four years to account for the discrepancy.

The lunar cycle is an important factor in the cycles of the Earth's tides and in the timing of certain cultural and religious festivals and events. It is also used as a reference for the phases of the moon, which are the different stages of the lunar cycle that can be observed from Earth.

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Organs that make the contents of a abdominal cavity are found in the limbic system.

The stomach, the jejunum and ileum of the small intestine, the colon of the large intestine, the liver, the spleen, the gallbladder, the pancreatic, the uterus, the oviducts, the ovaries, the kidneys, the renal pelvis, the bladder, and many blood vessels are all located in the abdomen (arteries and veins). Esophagus, small intestine, colon (big intestine), and stomach are regarded as hollow organs. Solid organ damage The remaining cells in the abdominal wall are referred to as solid organs. The spleen, spleen, pancreas, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands are examples of solid organs. The majority of the digestive system, the liver, the pancreas, the spleen, the kidney, and the adrenal glands that are positioned above the kidneys are all located in the abdominal cavity.

(All of the following systems contain organs that make up the contents of the abdominal cavity EXCEPT:

A. the digestive system

B. the urinary system

C. the genitourinary system

D. the limbic system)

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No, a chromatid is not a homologous pair because a chromatid is one of the two identical halves of a chromosome.

The bivalent is a structure which is formed by a pair of synapsed chromosomes in the pachytene stage of prophase I of meiosis I. Each bivalent consists of one pair of homologous chromosomes. Each of these homologous chromosomes have two sister chromatids attached at the centromere.

At meiosis, each of the homologous chromosomes is comprised of two identical chromatids joined together by a common kinetochore (centromere). The identical chromatids are specifically called sister chromatids to distinguish them from the so-called non-sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are genetically identical, whereas homologous chromosomes are composed of two different chromosomes that are not genetically identical despite containing the same sets of genes.

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All of the following are protective factors of the skin and its secretions EXCEPT pyocyanin production.

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Yes, somatic mutations lead to genetic variation, in fact, Genetic variation is produced in some way by every cell division.

A change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell in a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells is known as a somatic mutation. Specifically, any mutation that takes place in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte

Somatic mutations that do not cause cancer and occur during development may alter cellular function without affecting cell proliferation, as is the case with cancer. There are gauges that the change trouble in physical cells is very high, and appraisals in light of realized transformation rates propose that each cell division makes some type of genetic variations, which could conceivably affect cell capability.

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